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The human cadaver and needed instruments for dissection - ...Inspect every part periodically,
and renew and moisten the wrappings as the occasion demands. Do not
leave any part exposed to the air needlessl...
Cleaning muscles nerves and arteries - ...taneous tissue.
To detach the skin from the subcutaneous tissue, use stout forceps to
grip the angle where two incisions meet, and cut with your...
STRUCTURES ENCOUNTERED DURING HUMAN BODY DISSECTION - ...skin forms the outer covering of the body and is composed of a
superficial layer, the epidermis, and a deep layer, the dermis. The skin is
...
The purpose of description the body - ... The position of structures relative to each other in the body is defined in
relation to the following planes:
The Median Plane: This is the ba...
Examine the joints of the shoulder girdle - ...e medial end of the clavicle
to the first rib and costal cartilage. This is an accessory ligament of the
joint. It prevents excessive forward an...
JOINTS OF FREE UPPER LIMB - ... and
then remove the flexor and extensor muscles from their epicondylar
origins. Take care so as not to damage the capsule of the elbow joint
...
Lower limb in human body - ...bipedal locomotion, the
weight of the body is transmitted to the lower limb via the pelvis. This has
brought about several specialisations in th...
Human body MEDIAL SIDE OF THE THIGH - ...amus of the
pubis and is inserted into the back of the femur below the lesser
trochanter. The adductor longus arises by a tendon from the body o...
GLUTEAL REGION AND POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE THIGH - ...downwards and laterally to the
middle of the lateral border of the thigh;
(d) a horizontal incision across the back of the leg 10 cm belo...
POPLITEAL FOSSA AND BACK OF THE LEG HIP JOINT - ...to reach the trochanteric fossa. Cut the obturator
externus.
2. Remove the remaining muscles on the posterior aspect of the hip joint
...
Anterior and lateral aspects of the leg - ...i;
(d) a transverse incision across the roots of the toes; and
(e) midline incisions along the dorsum of the other toes.
Reflec...
Review the muscles which are closely related to the knee joint - ...find the cord-like fibular collateral ligament on
the lateral side. Find the oblique popliteal ligament, an expansion
from the semimembranosus t...
Remove the rest of the deep fascia from the medial and lateral sides - ...ted into the medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of
the first toe. The abductor digiti minimi is inserted into the lateral side
of t...
The tibiofibular joint is a synovial joint between the lateral condyle - ...osis. Clean the anterior and
posterior tibiofibular ligaments, and examine them.
Ankle Joint
Review the tendons in relation to ...
The thorax constitutes the upper part of the trunk - ... transverse section.
The shape of the human chest is the outcome of man’s arboreal ancestry.
The bony thoracic cage is made up of 12 thora...
SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM - ...from the sternal
angle to the junction between the vertebrae T4 and T5 is the superior
mediastinum and the part below the plane is the inferior ...
Superior and Posterior Mediastinum - ...behind
the left atrium.
3. Now, remove the pulmonary arteries and the remains of the pericardium
and clean the trachea which lies part...
The abdomen is that part of the trunk which lies below the thorax - ...r portion formed
by the bony pelvis with its muscular and ligamentous attachments. The cavity
of the abdomen is limited superiorly by the diaphr...
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Below is a list of all Human body articles. If you want to find a tutorial by keywords, all you have to do is a quick search in our directory. Just use the search option available at the top-right side of the page. The website search is powered by web-articles. Or, if you want to read specific Human body tutorial, just point to it. The newest articles and tutorials are shown first in the list. To access the last ones, browse the pages 2, 3, 4... at the bottom. Also, you may browse articles alphabetically ordered.
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FRONT OF FOREARM AND HAND (12/05/2007)
(...) Expose the superficial group of muscles of the forearm by removing the deep fascia which not only covers them but also gives them partial origin. From lateral to medial, these muscles are the superficial head of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and the flexor carpi ulnaris. All of these arise from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the common flexor origin, except the superficial part of the pronator teres which has its origin from the medial supracondylar ridge. (...)
(...) Expose the superficial group of muscles of the forearm by removing the deep fascia which not only covers them but also gives them partial origin. From lateral to medial, these muscles are the superficial head of the pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and the flexor carpi ulnaris. All of these arise from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the common flexor origin, except the superficial part of the pronator teres which has its origin from the medial supracondylar ridge. (...)
A Guide to Dissection of the Human Body (12/05/2007)
(...) It also teaches something about human and constitutional variations no two bodies are ever alike and about the plasticity of the human form and biological variation of living populations. The intent of this guide is not to teach clinical practice but to guide you in learning and appreciating the anatomy of the human body, the anatomical language and principles that will be needed in your medical career. The guide helps to make anatomy rational, interesting and directly applicable to the clinical problems encountered in the health professions. (...)
(...) It also teaches something about human and constitutional variations no two bodies are ever alike and about the plasticity of the human form and biological variation of living populations. The intent of this guide is not to teach clinical practice but to guide you in learning and appreciating the anatomy of the human body, the anatomical language and principles that will be needed in your medical career. The guide helps to make anatomy rational, interesting and directly applicable to the clinical problems encountered in the health professions. (...)
The human cadaver and needed instruments for dissection (12/05/2007)
(...) Plastic bags are particularly useful to prevent drying. Do not be surprised if it turns out that someone has a better-preserved body to dissect than you have (or vice versa). A large number of factors influence the way preservation fluid flows through the body. (...)
(...) Plastic bags are particularly useful to prevent drying. Do not be surprised if it turns out that someone has a better-preserved body to dissect than you have (or vice versa). A large number of factors influence the way preservation fluid flows through the body. (...)
Cleaning muscles nerves and arteries (12/05/2007)
(...) Using a scalpel and forceps, the superficial fascia is then reflected from one of the edges of the area laid open by the reflection of skin. Cleaning muscles, nerves and arteries By cleaning a muscle, a nerve or a vessel, one means completely removing the connective tissue and fat or fascia by which it is ensheathed. This is done with forceps and scalpel, where necessary piecemeal. (...)
(...) Using a scalpel and forceps, the superficial fascia is then reflected from one of the edges of the area laid open by the reflection of skin. Cleaning muscles, nerves and arteries By cleaning a muscle, a nerve or a vessel, one means completely removing the connective tissue and fat or fascia by which it is ensheathed. This is done with forceps and scalpel, where necessary piecemeal. (...)
STRUCTURES ENCOUNTERED DURING HUMAN BODY DISSECTION (12/05/2007)
(...) Since fat is an insulator, the superficial fascia acts as retainer of body heat. Deep fascia Deep to the superficial fascia lies the deep fascia. This is a tough connective tissue tunic which covers the underlying muscles. (...)
(...) Since fat is an insulator, the superficial fascia acts as retainer of body heat. Deep fascia Deep to the superficial fascia lies the deep fascia. This is a tough connective tissue tunic which covers the underlying muscles. (...)
The purpose of description the body (12/05/2007)
(...) Every structure automatically has a medial and a lateral aspect. A point or plane in space closer than another to the head-end of the body is said to be superior to it, and, conversely, the point or plane further away is inferior. The terms cranial and caudal replace the terms ‘superior’ and ‘inferior’ in descriptions of the embryo, and they are also sometimes replaced by the terms rostral and caudal in descriptions of the brain. (...)
(...) Every structure automatically has a medial and a lateral aspect. A point or plane in space closer than another to the head-end of the body is said to be superior to it, and, conversely, the point or plane further away is inferior. The terms cranial and caudal replace the terms ‘superior’ and ‘inferior’ in descriptions of the embryo, and they are also sometimes replaced by the terms rostral and caudal in descriptions of the brain. (...)
Examine the joints of the shoulder girdle (12/05/2007)
(...) 2. Now continue to work on the free upper limb. 3. (...)
(...) 2. Now continue to work on the free upper limb. 3. (...)
JOINTS OF FREE UPPER LIMB (12/05/2007)
(...) The anterior band passes between the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna; the posterior band passes between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon process of the ulna; and the oblique band passes between the coronoid and olecranon processes. 3. Define the triangular shaped radial collateral ligament of the elbow joint which extends fanwise from the lateral epicondyle to the anular ligament. (...)
(...) The anterior band passes between the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the coronoid process of the ulna; the posterior band passes between the medial epicondyle and the olecranon process of the ulna; and the oblique band passes between the coronoid and olecranon processes. 3. Define the triangular shaped radial collateral ligament of the elbow joint which extends fanwise from the lateral epicondyle to the anular ligament. (...)
Lower limb in human body (12/05/2007)
(...) Therefore, the extensor muscles which are now in the anterior compartment of the thigh are supplied by dorsal divisions of the lumbar plexus (femoral nerve L2, 3, 4). Similarly, the adductor muscles which lie on the medial side of the thigh developmentally belong to the flexor compartment and are hence supplied by ventral divisions of the lumbar plexus (obturator nerve L2, 3, 4). The pure flexor muscles, which are now at the back of the thigh, are called the hamstring muscles. (...)
(...) Therefore, the extensor muscles which are now in the anterior compartment of the thigh are supplied by dorsal divisions of the lumbar plexus (femoral nerve L2, 3, 4). Similarly, the adductor muscles which lie on the medial side of the thigh developmentally belong to the flexor compartment and are hence supplied by ventral divisions of the lumbar plexus (obturator nerve L2, 3, 4). The pure flexor muscles, which are now at the back of the thigh, are called the hamstring muscles. (...)
Human body MEDIAL SIDE OF THE THIGH (12/05/2007)
(...) Cut the pectineus and adductor longus close to their origin from the pubic bone and turn them downwards taking care to preserve the anterior division of the obturator nerve, which lies on the adductor brevis. This muscle forms the middle layer. Study the attachments of the adductor brevis muscle. (...)
(...) Cut the pectineus and adductor longus close to their origin from the pubic bone and turn them downwards taking care to preserve the anterior division of the obturator nerve, which lies on the adductor brevis. This muscle forms the middle layer. Study the attachments of the adductor brevis muscle. (...)
GLUTEAL REGION AND POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE THIGH (12/05/2007)
(...) However, note the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve lying along the midline of the thigh; trace this nerve from the lower posterior part of the knee upwards towards the gluteal fold. 4. Remove the fatty superficial fascia over the gluteal region and observe the large gluteus maximus muscle covered by deep fascia. (...)
(...) However, note the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve lying along the midline of the thigh; trace this nerve from the lower posterior part of the knee upwards towards the gluteal fold. 4. Remove the fatty superficial fascia over the gluteal region and observe the large gluteus maximus muscle covered by deep fascia. (...)
POPLITEAL FOSSA AND BACK OF THE LEG HIP JOINT (12/05/2007)
(...) Cut the tendon of the iliopsoas just below the hip joint and reflect it. Next examine the anterior part of the capsule and note that it is attached to the intertrochanteric line. Define the iliofemoral ligament extending from the upper margin of the acetabulum to the intertrochanteric line of the femur. (...)
(...) Cut the tendon of the iliopsoas just below the hip joint and reflect it. Next examine the anterior part of the capsule and note that it is attached to the intertrochanteric line. Define the iliofemoral ligament extending from the upper margin of the acetabulum to the intertrochanteric line of the femur. (...)
Anterior and lateral aspects of the leg (12/05/2007)
(...) 3. As you clean away the superficial fascia note the following nerves: (a)superficial fibular nerve from the common fibular nerve piercing the deep fascia about the junction of upper two-thirds with the lower third of the anterior aspect of the leg. Trace this nerve into the foot where it divides into medial and intermediate cutaneous branches which supply all the toes except the first interdigital cleft and the lateral side of the little toe; (b) saphenous nerve along with the great saphenous vein passing in front of the medial malleolus to the medial side of the foot; and (c) terminal part of the deep fibular nerve, a branch of the common fibular nerve, piercing the deep fascia in the first intermetatarsal space to supply the first interdigital cleft. (...)
(...) 3. As you clean away the superficial fascia note the following nerves: (a)superficial fibular nerve from the common fibular nerve piercing the deep fascia about the junction of upper two-thirds with the lower third of the anterior aspect of the leg. Trace this nerve into the foot where it divides into medial and intermediate cutaneous branches which supply all the toes except the first interdigital cleft and the lateral side of the little toe; (b) saphenous nerve along with the great saphenous vein passing in front of the medial malleolus to the medial side of the foot; and (c) terminal part of the deep fibular nerve, a branch of the common fibular nerve, piercing the deep fascia in the first intermetatarsal space to supply the first interdigital cleft. (...)
Review the muscles which are closely related to the knee joint (12/05/2007)
(...) Note that the capsule is deficient anteriorly and is replaced by the tendon of the quadriceps, the patella, and the ligamentum patellae in front and by the expansions of the vastus medialis and lateralis on the sides. Open the joint by cutting transversely through the quadriceps tendon above the patella and by two cuts vertically one on either side of the patella. Draw the patella down and examine the synovial infrapatellar fold in the midline and alar folds on either side. (...)
(...) Note that the capsule is deficient anteriorly and is replaced by the tendon of the quadriceps, the patella, and the ligamentum patellae in front and by the expansions of the vastus medialis and lateralis on the sides. Open the joint by cutting transversely through the quadriceps tendon above the patella and by two cuts vertically one on either side of the patella. Draw the patella down and examine the synovial infrapatellar fold in the midline and alar folds on either side. (...)
Remove the rest of the deep fascia from the medial and lateral sides (12/05/2007)
(...) Secure the medial plantar nerve and artery between the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis. Note that the nerve supplies cutaneous branches to the medial three and a half toes and motor branches to: (a)flexor digitorum brevis; (b) abductor hallucis; (c) flexor hallucis brevis; and (d) the first lumbrical. The medial plantar artery communicates with branches of the plantar arterial arch (see later). (...)
(...) Secure the medial plantar nerve and artery between the abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis. Note that the nerve supplies cutaneous branches to the medial three and a half toes and motor branches to: (a)flexor digitorum brevis; (b) abductor hallucis; (c) flexor hallucis brevis; and (d) the first lumbrical. The medial plantar artery communicates with branches of the plantar arterial arch (see later). (...)
The tibiofibular joint is a synovial joint between the lateral condyle (12/05/2007)
(...) Ankle Joint Review the tendons in relation to this joint and define the capsule which is thin in front and behind. 1. Note on the medial side the attachment of the medial (deltoid) ligament which fans out from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the navicular bone, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, neck of talus, sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus and to the body of the talus. (...)
(...) Ankle Joint Review the tendons in relation to this joint and define the capsule which is thin in front and behind. 1. Note on the medial side the attachment of the medial (deltoid) ligament which fans out from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the navicular bone, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, neck of talus, sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus and to the body of the talus. (...)
The thorax constitutes the upper part of the trunk (12/05/2007)
(...) The manubrium and the body of the sternum are joined together by fibrocartilage to form a secondary cartilaginous joint which permits only a restricted amount of movement during respiration. However, the sternocostal joints, with the exception of the first, are of the synovial type in which a greater freedom of movement is possible. The thorax has a superior aperture of the thorax, which is formed by the upper end of the manubrium of the sternum, the first pair of ribs and the first thoracic vertebra. (...)
(...) The manubrium and the body of the sternum are joined together by fibrocartilage to form a secondary cartilaginous joint which permits only a restricted amount of movement during respiration. However, the sternocostal joints, with the exception of the first, are of the synovial type in which a greater freedom of movement is possible. The thorax has a superior aperture of the thorax, which is formed by the upper end of the manubrium of the sternum, the first pair of ribs and the first thoracic vertebra. (...)
SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE MEDIASTINUM (12/05/2007)
(...) Identify the bilobed thymus gland if present, occupying the superior mediastinum and the upper part of the anterior mediastinum. Observe that it overlaps not only the great vessels, but also the upper portion of the pericardium. The gland receives its blood supply from the internal thoracic artery. (...)
(...) Identify the bilobed thymus gland if present, occupying the superior mediastinum and the upper part of the anterior mediastinum. Observe that it overlaps not only the great vessels, but also the upper portion of the pericardium. The gland receives its blood supply from the internal thoracic artery. (...)
Superior and Posterior Mediastinum (12/05/2007)
(...) Examine the two main bronchi and note that the right main bronchus is almost vertical, i.e., in line with the direction of the trachea, whereas the left one is more horizontal. (...)
(...) Examine the two main bronchi and note that the right main bronchus is almost vertical, i.e., in line with the direction of the trachea, whereas the left one is more horizontal. (...)
The abdomen is that part of the trunk which lies below the thorax (12/05/2007)
(...) The disposition of the abdominal viscera can be more easily understood if one visualises the arrangement of these viscera in the early embryo. In the embryo, the most ventral structure filling the abdominal cavity is the liver, which lies ventral to the gut. Dorsolateral to the gut are those structures developed from the intermediate mesoderm such as the kidneys and suprarenals. (...)
(...) The disposition of the abdominal viscera can be more easily understood if one visualises the arrangement of these viscera in the early embryo. In the embryo, the most ventral structure filling the abdominal cavity is the liver, which lies ventral to the gut. Dorsolateral to the gut are those structures developed from the intermediate mesoderm such as the kidneys and suprarenals. (...)
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