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Where Science and Religion Meet - ...il. A physician by
training, he became a scientific superstar in 1989, when he was a researcher at
the University...
Haemophilus influenzae which can cause meningitis and deafness - ...funded $300-million, three-year
initiative to determine the sequence of almost all the three billion chemical
units that make up Homo sapiens DNA, o...
Deciphering the Code of Life - ...he complete DNA sequencing of more and more organisms,
including Homo sapienss, will answer many important questions, such as how organisms
evolved,...
Discovering Genes for New Medicines - ... activities of genes. Even infectious disease usually provokes
the activation of identifiable genes in a patient’s immune system.
Moreover, ac...
How to Make and Separate cDNA Molecules - ...A mixture of cDNAs from a given tissue is called a
library.
Researchers at HGS have now prepared Homo sapiens cDNA libraries from almost all
n...
How to Find a Partial cDNA Sequence - ...o size. Finally, a laser excites the dye labels one by one. The
result is a sequence of colors that can be read electronically and that
corresponds ...
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection - ...e demonstration (by James Prescott Joule in 1851) that energy is
indeed conserved and the earlier surmise (by French physicist Sadi Carnot) that
the...
Several companies have sprouted up to provide bioinformatics tools - ...
The next stage goes by a deceptively prosaic name: annotation. Strictly
speaking, “annotation” comprises everything that can b...
The original plan was to repeat the sequencing more times - ...ent,
the privately funded Celera Genomics and the publicly funded international
consortium Human Genome Project settled temporarily for le...
If the biotechnology company called Myriad Genetics - ...healthy relative has an even chance of also
carrying. This patient has been advised to suggest to all her female relatives
that they be tested for t...
Burgeoning genetic revolution is already causing seismic reverberations - ...l exploitation of the genome is motivating protests
in some quarters. Most of the political flack is being taken by an initiative
known as the Human...
Genetics Discrimination - ...y condition, she was fired and lost her health
insurance.
Seargent’s case could have been a shining success story for genetic
scienc...
Age of the deciphering of the Homo sapiens genome - ...oinformatics.”
Corporate and government-led scientists have already compiled the three
gigabytes of paired A’s, C’s, T...
Using Bioinformatics to Find Drug Targets - ...real promise of genomics. “Genomics without bioinformatics will
not have much of a payoff,” states Roland Somogyi, former director of
ne...
Craig Venter and his colleagues at the Institute for Genomic Research - ...tent not just on the sequence of nucleotides in the
DNA itself but on any “computer-readable medium having recorded thereon
the nucleotide seq...
The genes of model organisms are so attractive to drug hunters - ...ly resemble those of Homo sapienssand
model organisms are much easier to keep in the laboratory. “Somewhere
between 50 and 80 percent of the t...
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Below is a list of all DNA articles. If you want to find a tutorial by keywords, all you have to do is a quick search in our directory. Just use the search option available at the top-right side of the page. The website search is powered by web-articles. Or, if you want to read specific DNA tutorial, just point to it. The newest articles and tutorials are shown first in the list. To access the last ones, browse the pages 2, 3, 4... at the bottom. Also, you may browse articles alphabetically ordered.
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Below is a list of all DNA articles. If you want to find a tutorial by keywords, all you have to do is a quick search in our directory. Just use the search option available at the top-right side of the page. The website search is powered by web-articles. Or, if you want to read specific DNA tutorial, just point to it. The newest articles and tutorials are shown first in the list. To access the last ones, browse the pages 2, 3, 4... at the bottom. Also, you may browse articles alphabetically ordered.
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The Human Genome Business Today (11/27/2007)
(...) “Well, total enlightenment is decades away.” But scientists can now imagine what that day looks like. Drug companies, for instance, are collecting the genetic know-how to make medicines tailored to specific genesan effort called pharmacogenomics. (...)
(...) “Well, total enlightenment is decades away.” But scientists can now imagine what that day looks like. Drug companies, for instance, are collecting the genetic know-how to make medicines tailored to specific genesan effort called pharmacogenomics. (...)
Celera is now ready to hawk its Homo sapiens genome (11/27/2007)
(...) After Kelly Westfall’s mother tested positive for the Huntington’s gene, Westfall, age 30, immediately knew she would take the test as well. “I had made up my mind that if I had Huntington’s, I didn’t want to have kids,” declares Westfall, who lives in Ann Arbor, Mich. But one fear made her hesitate: genetic discrimination. (...)
(...) After Kelly Westfall’s mother tested positive for the Huntington’s gene, Westfall, age 30, immediately knew she would take the test as well. “I had made up my mind that if I had Huntington’s, I didn’t want to have kids,” declares Westfall, who lives in Ann Arbor, Mich. But one fear made her hesitate: genetic discrimination. (...)
Where Science and Religion Meet (11/27/2007)
(...) Collins has since co-led successful efforts to identify several other genes implicated in serious illness. His tally of discoveries thus far includes genes that play a role in neurofibromatosis and Huntington’s disease, as well as the rarer ataxia telangiectasia and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. In 1993, after turning down the invitation six months earlier, Collins left Michigan to become director of what is now the National Human Genome Research Institute. (...)
(...) Collins has since co-led successful efforts to identify several other genes implicated in serious illness. His tally of discoveries thus far includes genes that play a role in neurofibromatosis and Huntington’s disease, as well as the rarer ataxia telangiectasia and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. In 1993, after turning down the invitation six months earlier, Collins left Michigan to become director of what is now the National Human Genome Research Institute. (...)
Haemophilus influenzae which can cause meningitis and deafness (11/27/2007)
(...) It’s going to be the future of biology and medicine and our species.” He followed up over the next two and a half years with complete or partial DNA sequences of several more microbes, including agents that cause Lyme disease, stomach ulcers and malaria. The new, private Homo sapiens genome initiative will be conducted by a company, Celera Genomics, that will be owned by TIGR, a Perkin-Elmer Corporation (the leading manufacturer of DNA sequencers) and Venter himself, who will be its president. (...)
(...) It’s going to be the future of biology and medicine and our species.” He followed up over the next two and a half years with complete or partial DNA sequences of several more microbes, including agents that cause Lyme disease, stomach ulcers and malaria. The new, private Homo sapiens genome initiative will be conducted by a company, Celera Genomics, that will be owned by TIGR, a Perkin-Elmer Corporation (the leading manufacturer of DNA sequencers) and Venter himself, who will be its president. (...)
Deciphering the Code of Life (11/27/2007)
(...) They are composed of units called amino acids linked together in a long string; each string folds in a way that determines the function of a protein. The order of the amino acids is set by the DNA base sequence of the gene that encodes a given protein, through intermediaries called RNA; genes that actively make RNA are said to be “expressed.” The Human Genome Project seeks not just to elucidate all the proteins produced within a Homo sapiens but also to comprehend how the genes that encode the proteins are expressed, how the DNA sequences of those genes stack up against comparable genes of other species, how genes vary within our species and how DNA sequences translate into observable characteristics. (...)
(...) They are composed of units called amino acids linked together in a long string; each string folds in a way that determines the function of a protein. The order of the amino acids is set by the DNA base sequence of the gene that encodes a given protein, through intermediaries called RNA; genes that actively make RNA are said to be “expressed.” The Human Genome Project seeks not just to elucidate all the proteins produced within a Homo sapiens but also to comprehend how the genes that encode the proteins are expressed, how the DNA sequences of those genes stack up against comparable genes of other species, how genes vary within our species and how DNA sequences translate into observable characteristics. (...)
Discovering Genes for New Medicines (11/27/2007)
(...) The development of a Homo sapiens from fertilized egg to mature adult is, in fact, the consequence of an orderly change in the pattern of gene expression in different tissues. Knowing which genes are expressed in healthy and diseased tissues, we realized, would allow us to identify both the proteins required for normal functioning of tissues and the aberrations involved in disease. With that information in hand, it would be possible to develop new diagnostic tests for various illnesses and new drugs to alter the activity of affected proteins or genes. (...)
(...) The development of a Homo sapiens from fertilized egg to mature adult is, in fact, the consequence of an orderly change in the pattern of gene expression in different tissues. Knowing which genes are expressed in healthy and diseased tissues, we realized, would allow us to identify both the proteins required for normal functioning of tissues and the aberrations involved in disease. With that information in hand, it would be possible to develop new diagnostic tests for various illnesses and new drugs to alter the activity of affected proteins or genes. (...)
How to Make and Separate cDNA Molecules (11/27/2007)
(...) The robot accomplishes this by color. The vectors we use are designed so that if they fail to combine with a cDNA insert, they produce a blue pigment. The robot, which picks as many as 10,000 colonies of bacteria every day, identifies those containing Homo sapiens cDNA by avoiding blue ones. (...)
(...) The robot accomplishes this by color. The vectors we use are designed so that if they fail to combine with a cDNA insert, they produce a blue pigment. The robot, which picks as many as 10,000 colonies of bacteria every day, identifies those containing Homo sapiens cDNA by avoiding blue ones. (...)
How to Find a Partial cDNA Sequence (11/27/2007)
(...) That sequence, in turn, can be compared with the sequences in proteins whose structures are known. This maneuver often tells us something about the function of the complete protein, because proteins containing similar sequences of amino acids often perform similar tasks. Analyzing cDNA sequences used to be extremely time-consuming, but in recent years biomedical instruments have been developed that can perform the task reliably and automatically. (...)
(...) That sequence, in turn, can be compared with the sequences in proteins whose structures are known. This maneuver often tells us something about the function of the complete protein, because proteins containing similar sequences of amino acids often perform similar tasks. Analyzing cDNA sequences used to be extremely time-consuming, but in recent years biomedical instruments have been developed that can perform the task reliably and automatically. (...)
Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (11/27/2007)
(...) What a marvelous century the 1800s must have been! Only the most perceptive people appreciated, in 1899, that there were flaws in that position. One of those was Hendrik Antoon Lorentz of Leiden University in the Netherlands, who saw that Maxwell’s theory implicitly embodied a contradiction: the theory supposed that there must be an all-pervading ether through which electromagnetic disturbances are propagated, but it is far simpler to suppose that time passes more slowly on an object moving relative to an observer. It was a small step from there (via Henri Poincaré of the University of Paris) to Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity, published in 1905. (...)
(...) What a marvelous century the 1800s must have been! Only the most perceptive people appreciated, in 1899, that there were flaws in that position. One of those was Hendrik Antoon Lorentz of Leiden University in the Netherlands, who saw that Maxwell’s theory implicitly embodied a contradiction: the theory supposed that there must be an all-pervading ether through which electromagnetic disturbances are propagated, but it is far simpler to suppose that time passes more slowly on an object moving relative to an observer. It was a small step from there (via Henri Poincaré of the University of Paris) to Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity, published in 1905. (...)
Several companies have sprouted up to provide bioinformatics tools (11/27/2007)
(...) It is home to the Sanger Center, the U.K. partner in the publicly funded Human Genome Project (HGP) consortium, and the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), Europe’s equivalent of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health. (...)
(...) It is home to the Sanger Center, the U.K. partner in the publicly funded Human Genome Project (HGP) consortium, and the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), Europe’s equivalent of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Institutes of Health. (...)
The original plan was to repeat the sequencing more times (11/27/2007)
(...) This region is heterochromatin, highly condensed DNA long believed to contain no genes. But in March 2000, analysis revealed that fruit fly heterochromatin (about one third of the fly’s genome) appears to contain about 50 genesso Homo sapiens heterochromatin probably contains a few genes, too. Finish finding all the genes that make proteins. (...)
(...) This region is heterochromatin, highly condensed DNA long believed to contain no genes. But in March 2000, analysis revealed that fruit fly heterochromatin (about one third of the fly’s genome) appears to contain about 50 genesso Homo sapiens heterochromatin probably contains a few genes, too. Finish finding all the genes that make proteins. (...)
If the biotechnology company called Myriad Genetics (11/27/2007)
(...) Workers are now routinely isolating genetic mutations associated with such widespread illnesses as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and some types of cardiovascular disease. Devising tests for mutations in a known gene has become a comparatively straightforward matter. Genzyme, a biotechnology company in Cambridge, Mass. (...)
(...) Workers are now routinely isolating genetic mutations associated with such widespread illnesses as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and some types of cardiovascular disease. Devising tests for mutations in a known gene has become a comparatively straightforward matter. Genzyme, a biotechnology company in Cambridge, Mass. (...)
Burgeoning genetic revolution is already causing seismic reverberations (11/27/2007)
(...) Greely, a Stanford law professor who is a co-organizer of the genome diversity project, recognizes that data about genetic variation could invite racists to concoct arbitrary rationales justifying discrimination. But he says the project will accept its responsibility to fight such abuses, and he notes that the available data point to how superficial the racial differences are: most of the 0.1 percent of variation in Homo sapienss occurs among members of the same race, rather than among races. (...)
(...) Greely, a Stanford law professor who is a co-organizer of the genome diversity project, recognizes that data about genetic variation could invite racists to concoct arbitrary rationales justifying discrimination. But he says the project will accept its responsibility to fight such abuses, and he notes that the available data point to how superficial the racial differences are: most of the 0.1 percent of variation in Homo sapienss occurs among members of the same race, rather than among races. (...)
Genetics Discrimination (11/27/2007)
(...) Such worries have already deterred many people from having beneficial predictive tests, says Barbara Fuller, a senior policy adviser at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), where geneticists unveiled the Homo sapiens blueprint. For example, one third of women contacted for possible inclusion in a recent breast cancer study refused to participate because they feared losing their insurance or jobs if a genetic defect was discovered. A 1998 study by the National Center for Genome Resources found that 63 percent of people would not take genetic tests if employers could access the results and that 85 percent believe employers should be barred from accessing genetic information. (...)
(...) Such worries have already deterred many people from having beneficial predictive tests, says Barbara Fuller, a senior policy adviser at the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), where geneticists unveiled the Homo sapiens blueprint. For example, one third of women contacted for possible inclusion in a recent breast cancer study refused to participate because they feared losing their insurance or jobs if a genetic defect was discovered. A 1998 study by the National Center for Genome Resources found that 63 percent of people would not take genetic tests if employers could access the results and that 85 percent believe employers should be barred from accessing genetic information. (...)
Age of the deciphering of the Homo sapiens genome (11/27/2007)
(...) ” The new discipline of bioinformaticsa marriage between computer science and biologyseeks to make sense of it all. In so doing, it is destined to change the face of biomedicine. “For the next two to three years, the amount of information will be phenomenal, and everyone will be overwhelmed by it,” Myers predicts. (...)
(...) ” The new discipline of bioinformaticsa marriage between computer science and biologyseeks to make sense of it all. In so doing, it is destined to change the face of biomedicine. “For the next two to three years, the amount of information will be phenomenal, and everyone will be overwhelmed by it,” Myers predicts. (...)
Using Bioinformatics to Find Drug Targets (11/27/2007)
(...) Some bioinformatics companies cater to large users, aiming their products and services at genomics, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies by creating custom software and offering consulting services. Lion Bioscience, based in Heidelberg, Germany, has been particularly successful at selling “enterprise-wide” bioinformatics tools and services. Its $100-million agreement with Bayer to build and manage a bioinformatics capability across all of Bayer’s divisions was at that time the industry’s largest such deal. (...)
(...) Some bioinformatics companies cater to large users, aiming their products and services at genomics, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies by creating custom software and offering consulting services. Lion Bioscience, based in Heidelberg, Germany, has been particularly successful at selling “enterprise-wide” bioinformatics tools and services. Its $100-million agreement with Bayer to build and manage a bioinformatics capability across all of Bayer’s divisions was at that time the industry’s largest such deal. (...)
Craig Venter and his colleagues at the Institute for Genomic Research (11/27/2007)
(...) Even if these patents are denied, though, the blurring of distinctions between molecular and digital information is very likely to continue. Companies might seek protection for the code of a three-dimensional computerized representation of a receptor on a cell. And patents related to information gleaned from gene chipswhich use segments of DNA as detectors to determine the presence of genes expressed in a given samplepose similar dilemmas. (...)
(...) Even if these patents are denied, though, the blurring of distinctions between molecular and digital information is very likely to continue. Companies might seek protection for the code of a three-dimensional computerized representation of a receptor on a cell. And patents related to information gleaned from gene chipswhich use segments of DNA as detectors to determine the presence of genes expressed in a given samplepose similar dilemmas. (...)
The genes of model organisms are so attractive to drug hunters (11/27/2007)
(...) In March 2000 a group of scientists, including those at Exelixis in South San Francisco, California, identified the fly version of p53 and found thatjust as in Homo sapiens cellsfly cells in which the p53 protein is rendered inactive lose the ability to self-destruct after they sustain genetic damage and instead grow uncontrollably. Similarities such as this make flies “a good trade-off” for studying the molecular events that underlie Homo sapiens cancer, according to one of the leaders of the fly genome project, Gerald M. Rubin of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California at Berkeley: “You can do very sophisticated genetic manipulations [in flies] that you cannot do in mice because they are too expensive and too big. (...)
(...) In March 2000 a group of scientists, including those at Exelixis in South San Francisco, California, identified the fly version of p53 and found thatjust as in Homo sapiens cellsfly cells in which the p53 protein is rendered inactive lose the ability to self-destruct after they sustain genetic damage and instead grow uncontrollably. Similarities such as this make flies “a good trade-off” for studying the molecular events that underlie Homo sapiens cancer, according to one of the leaders of the fly genome project, Gerald M. Rubin of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the University of California at Berkeley: “You can do very sophisticated genetic manipulations [in flies] that you cannot do in mice because they are too expensive and too big. (...)
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